Effects of Freeze–Thaw Phenomena on Controlled Nutrient Release: Application to Bioremediation

Abstract

Cold region soils are often devoid of sufficient nutrients essential for timely bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbon contaminants. While materials that release nutrients in a controlled manner have been shown to stimulate biodegradation over extended time periods, the physical and chemical response of these materials to repetitive freeze–thaw stresses typical of cold regions remains poorly understood. This study reports the performance of four controlled release materials in water (Osmocote™, Nutricote™, Polyon™, Zeopro™) exposed to freeze–thaw cycling or control temperature of 4°C. Additionally Zeopro™-activated carbon mixtures are investigated for application to permeable reactive barri..